Jean Toomer and the Terrors of American HistoryJean Toomer's Cane was the first major text of the Harlem Renaissance and the first important modernist text by an African American writer. It powerfully depicts the terror in the history of American race relations, a public world of lynchings, race riots, and Jim Crow, and a private world of internalized conflict over identity and race which mirrored struggles in the culture at large. Toomer's own life reflected that internal conflict, and he has